Electroluminescent iridium compounds having red-orange or red emission and devices made with such compounds

ABSTRACT

The present invention is generally directed to electroluminescent Ir(III) complexes which have emission maxima in the red-orange to red region of the visible spectrum, and devices that are made with the Ir(III) complexes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to electroluminescent complexes of iridium(III)which have emission spectra in the red-orange and red region of thevisible spectrum. It also relates to electronic devices in which theactive layer includes an electroluminescent Ir(III) complex.

2. Description of the Related Art

Organic electronic devices that emit light, such as light-emittingdiodes that make up displays, are present in many different kinds ofelectronic equipment. In all such devices, an organic active layer issandwiched between two electrical contact layers. At least one of theelectrical contact layers is light-transmitting so that light can passthrough the electrical contact layer. The organic active layer emitslight through the light-transmitting electrical contact layer uponapplication of electricity across the electrical contact layers.

It is well known to use organic electroluminescent compounds as theactive component in light-emitting diodes. Simple organic molecules suchas anthracene, thiadiazole derivatives, and coumarin derivatives areknown to show electroluminescence. Semiconductive conjugated polymershave also been used as electroluminescent components, as has beendisclosed in, for example, Friend et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,247,190,Heeger et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,408,109, and Nakano et al., PublishedEuropean Patent Application 443 861. Complexes of 8-hydroxyquinolatewith trivalent metal ions, particularly aluminum, have been extensivelyused as electroluminescent components, as has been disclosed in, forexample, Tang et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,552,678.

Electroluminescent devices with an active layer of polymer doped withorganometallic complexes of iridium have been described by Burrows andThompson in published PCT applications WO 00/70655 and WO 01/41512. Mostof these complexes have emission spectra with peaks in the green orblue-green region.

There is a continuing need for efficient electroluminescent compoundswhich emit light in the red region of the visible spectrum (625-700 nm)

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to a metal complex having a formulaselected from Formula I and Formula II:IrL₃   (I)IrL₂Z   (II)Where:

-   Z is selected from β-dienolates, aminocarboxylates,    iminocarboxylates, salicylates, hydroxyquinolates, and    diarylphosphinoalkoxides; and-   L is selected from Formula III, Formula IV, Formula V, Formula VI,    and Formula VII in FIG. 1, and Formula VIII, Formula IX and Formula    X in FIG. 2, where:    In Formula III:    -   R³ through R⁶ are the same or different and at least one of R³        through R⁶ is selected from D, F, C_(n)F_(2n+1), OC_(n)F_(2n+1),        and OCF₂Y;        At each Occurrence in any of Formulae III Through VII:    -   R¹ is the same or different at each occurrence and is selected        from D, C_(n)H_(2n+1), OR¹¹, SR¹¹, N(R¹¹)₂, F,        C_(n)(H+F)_(2n+1), OC_(n)(H+F)_(2n+1), and OCF₂Y, or adjacent        pairs of R¹ can be joined to form a five- or six-membered ring;    -   Y is H, Cl, or Br; and    -   A is S or NR¹¹;        At each Occurrence in any of Formulae III Through X:    -   R¹¹ is the same or different at each occurrence and is H or        C_(n)H_(2n+1);    -   n is an integer from 1 through 12; and    -   α is 0, 1 or 2;        At each Occurrence in any of Formulae IV Through X:    -   δ is 0 or an integer from 1 through 4;        In Formula VII:    -   E¹ through E⁴ are the same or different and are N or CR¹², with        the proviso that at least one E is N; and    -   R¹² is the same or different at each occurrence and is selected        from H, D, SR¹¹, N(R¹¹)₂, F, C_(n)(H+F)_(2n+1),        OC_(n)(H+F)_(2n+1), and OCF₂Y, or adjacent pairs of R¹² can be        joined to form a five- or six-membered ring, with the proviso        that at least one of R¹² is selected from D, F,        C_(n)(H+F)_(2n+1), OC_(n)(H+F)_(2n+1), and OCF₂Y;        At each Occurrence in Any of Formulae VIII Through X:    -   R² and R⁷ through R¹⁰ are the same or different at each        occurrence and are selected from H, D, C_(n)H_(2n+1), OR¹¹,        SR¹¹, and N(R¹¹)₂, or adjacent pairs of R groups can be joined        to form a five- or six-membered ring.

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to an organicelectronic device having at least one active layer comprising alight-emitting layer having an emission maximum in the range of from 570to 700 nm, wherein at least 20% by weight of the active layer comprisesthe above metal complex, or combinations of the above metal complexes.

As used herein, the term “compound” is intended to mean an electricallyuncharged substance made up of molecules that further consist of atoms,wherein the atoms cannot be separated by physical means. The term“ligand” is intended to mean a molecule, ion, or atom that is attachedto the coordination sphere of a metallic ion. The letter “L” is used todesignate a ligand having a nominal (−1) charge formed from the neutralparent compound, “HL”, by the loss of a hydrogen ion. The letter “Z” isused to designate a bidentate ligand having a nominal (−1) charge formedfrom the neutral parent compound, “HZ”, by the loss of a hydrogen ion.The term “complex”, when used as a noun, is intended to mean a compoundhaving at least one metallic ion and at least one ligand. The term“β-dicarbonyl” is intended to mean a neutral compound in which twoketone groups are present, separated by a CHR group. The term“β-enolate” is intended to mean the anionic form of the β-dicarbonyl inwhich the H from the CHR group between the two carbonyl groups has beenabstracted. The term “group” is intended to mean a part of a compound,such a substituent in an organic compound or a ligand in a complex. Theterm “facial” is intended to mean one isomer of a complex, Ma₃b₃, havingoctahedral geometry, in which the three “a” groups are all adjacent,i.e. at the corners of one face of the octahedron. The term “meridional”is intended to mean one isomer of a complex, Ma₃b₃, having octahedralgeometry, in which the three “a” groups occupy three positions such thattwo are trans to each other. The phrase “adjacent to,” when used torefer to layers in a device, does not necessarily mean that one layer isimmediately next to another layer. On the other hand, the phrase“adjacent R groups,” is used to refer to R groups that are next to eachother in a chemical formula (i.e., R groups that are on atoms joined bya bond). The term “photoactive” refers to any material that exhibitselectroluminescence and/or photosensitivity. In addition, the IUPACnumbering system is used throughout, where the groups from the PeriodicTable are numbered from left to right as 1 through 18 (CRC Handbook ofChemistry and Physics, 81^(st) Edition, 2000). In the Formulae andEquations, the letters A, E, L, R, Q, Y and Z are used to designateatoms or groups which are defined within. All other letters are used todesignate conventional atomic symbols. The term “(H+F)” is intended tomean all combinations of hydrogen and fluorine, including completelyhydrogenated, partially fluorinated or perfluorinated substituents. By“emission maximum” is meant the wavelength, in nanometers, at which themaximum intensity of electroluminescence is obtained.Electroluminescence is generally measured in a diode structure, in whichthe material to be tested is sandwiched between two electrical contactlayers and a voltage is applied. The light intensity and wavelength canbe measured, for example, by a photodiode and a spectrograph,respectively.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows Formulae III through VII for the ligand L useful in themetal complex of the invention.

FIG. 2 shows Formulae VII through X for the ligand L useful in the metalcomplex of the invention.

FIG. 3 shows Formula XI for the β-enolate ligand and Formula XII for thephosphino alkoxide ligand, useful in the invention.

FIG. 4 shows Equation (1) for synthesis of the parent ligand compounds,HL, useful in the invention.

FIG. 5 shows Equations (2) through (4) for forming the complexes usefulin the invention.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a light-emitting device (LED).

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of an LED testing apparatus.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The metal complexes of the invention have one of Formulae I and II,given above, and are referred to as cyclometallated complexes. Theiridium in Formulae I and II is in the +3 oxidation state and ishexacoordinate. In Formula I, the complex is a tris-cyclometallatedcomplex with no additional ligands. The tris complexes may exhibit afacial or a meridional geometry, but most often the facial isomer isformed. In Formula II, the complex is a bis-cyclometallated complex withan additional monoanionic bidentate ligand, Z. These cyclometallatediridium complexes are neutral and non-ionic, and can be sublimed intact.Thin films of these materials obtained via vacuum deposition exhibitgood to excellent electroluminescent properties.

The complexes of the invention have emission spectra with maxima in therange of 570 to 700 nm, which is in the red-orange to red region of thevisible spectrum. The preferred red emission is at 620 nm and above.

Ligand L having Formula III, shown in FIG. 1, is derived from athienyl-pyridine (when A is S) or pyrrolyl-pyridine (when A is NR¹¹)compound in which there is at least one fluorine-containing substituenton the pyridine ring. The R³ through R⁶ groups may be chosen fromconventional substitutents for organic compounds, such as alkyl, alkoxy,halogen, nitro, and cyano groups, as well as deutero, fluoro,fluorinated alkyl and fluorinated alkoxy groups. The groups can bepartially or fully fluorinated (perfluorinated). It is preferred that αis 0, and that R³ and/or R⁵ is a fluorine-containing substituent. Mostpreferred is CF₃. When A is NR¹¹, it is preferred that R¹¹ is CH₃.

Ligand L having Formula IV, shown in FIG. 1, is derived from a thienyl-or a pyrrolyl-quinoline compound. Ligand L having Formula V or FormulaVI, shown in FIG. 1, is derived from a thienyl- or apyrrolyl-isoquinoline compound. It is preferred that alpha is 0. When Ais NR¹¹, it is preferred that R¹¹ is CH₃.

Ligand L having Formula VII, shown in FIG. 1, is derived from a thienyl-or a pyrrolyl-diazine compound, or the analog with 3 or more nitrogens.There is at least one substituent on the 6-membered ring that isselected from D, F, C_(n)(H+F)_(2n+1), OC_(n)(H+F)_(2n+1), and OCF₂Y,most preferably CF₃. It is preferred that α is 0. When A is NR¹¹, it ispreferred that R¹¹ is CH₃.

Ligand L having Formula VIII, shown in FIG. 2, is derived from aphenyl-quinoline compound. Ligand L having Formulae IX or X, shown inFIG. 2, is derived from a phenyl-isoquinoline compound. The R⁷ throughR¹⁰ groups may be chosen from conventional substitutents for organiccompounds, such as alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, nitro, and cyano groups, aswell as deutererium. It is preferred that the R⁸ and/or R¹⁰ is asubstituent bonded through a heteroatom having non-bonding pi electrons,most preferably oxygen. It is preferred that the R⁹ substituent is analkyl, preferably a tertiary alkyl.

The parent ligand compounds, HL, can generally be prepared by standardpalladium-catalyzed Suzuki or Kumada cross-coupling of the correspondingheterocyclic aryl chloride with an organoboronic acid or organomagnesiumreagent, as described in, for example, O. Lohse, P. Thevenin, E.Waldvogel Synlett, 1999, 45-48. This reaction is illustrated for aphenyl-isoquinoline, where R and R′ represent substituents, in Equation(1) in FIG. 4.

The Z ligand is a monoanionic bidentate ligand. In general these ligandshave N, O, P, or S as coordinating atoms and form 5- or 6-membered ringswhen coordinated to the iridium. Suitable coordinating groups includeamino, imino, amido, alkoxide, carboxylate, phosphino, thiolate, and thelike. Examples of suitable parent compounds for these ligands includeβ-dicarbonyls (β-enolate ligands), and their N and S analogs; aminocarboxylic acids (aminocarboxylate ligands); pyridine carboxylic acids(iminocarboxylate ligands); salicylic acid derivatives (salicylateligands); hydroxyquinolines (hydroxyquinolinate ligands) and their Sanalogs; and diarylphosphinoalkanols (diarylphosphinoalkoxide ligands).

The β-enolate ligands generally have Formula XI shown in FIG. 3, whereR¹³ is the same or different at each occurrence. The R¹³ groups can behydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, aryl, alkylarylor heterocyclic groups. Adjacent R¹³ groups can be joined to form five-and six-membered rings, which can be substituted. Preferred R¹³ groupsare selected from H, F, C_(n)(H+F)_(2n+1), —C₆H₅, —C₄H₃S, and —C₄H₃O,where n is an integer from 1 to 12, preferably from 1 to 6.

Examples of suitable β-enolate ligands, Z, include the compounds listedbelow. The abbreviation for the β-enolate form is given below inbrackets.

2,4-pentanedionate [acac]

1,3-diphenyl-1,3-propanedionate [DI]

2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate [TMH]

4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(2-thienyl)-1,3-butanedionate [TTFA]

7,7-dimethyl-1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoro-4,6-octanedionate [FOD]

1,1,1,3,5,5,5-heptafluoro-2,4-pentanedionate [F7acac]

1,1,1,5,5,5-hexaflouro-2,4-pentanedionate [F6acac]

1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-i-butyryl-pyrazolinonate [FMBP]

The β-dicarbonyl parent compounds, HZ, are generally availablecommercially. The parent compound of F7acac,1,1,1,3,5,5,5-heptafluoro-2,4-pentanedione, CF₃C(O)CFHC(O)CF₃, can beprepared using a two-step synthesis, based on the reaction ofperfluoropentene-2 with ammonia, followed by a hydrolysis step. Thiscompound should be stored and reacted under anyhydrous conditions as itis susceptible to hydrolysis.

The hydroxyquinoline parent compounds, HZ, can be substituted withgroups such as alkyl or alkoxy groups which may be partially or fullyfluorinated. In general, these compounds are commercially available.Examples of suitable hydroxyquinolinate ligands, Z, include:

-   -   8-hydroxyquinolinate [8hq]    -   2-methyl-8-hydroxyquinolinate [Me-8hq]    -   10-hydroxybenzoquinolinate [10-hbq]        The parent hydroxyquinoline compounds are generally available        commercially.

The phosphino alkoxide parent compounds, HZ, generally have Formula XII,shown in FIG. 3, where

-   -   R¹⁴ can be the same or different at each occurrence and is        selected from C_(n)(H+F)_(2n+1) and C₆(H+F)₅,    -   R¹⁵ can be the same or different at each occurrence and is        selected from H and C_(n)(H+F)_(2n+1), and    -   λ is 2 or 3.

Examples of suitable phosphino alkoxide ligands listed below. Theabbreviation for these ligands is given below in brackets.

3-(diphenylphosphino)-1-oxypropane [dppO]

1,1-bis(trifluoromethyl)-2-(diphenylphosphino)-ethoxide [tfmdpeO]

The parent phosphino alkanol compounds are generally availablecommercially.

Complexes of Formulae I and II are generally prepared from the metalchloride salt by first forming the bridged chloride dimer. This reactionis illustrated for a thienyl-pyridine ligand in Equation (2) shown inFIG. 5. Complexes of Formula I are then formed by adding an excess ofthe ligand parent compound HL, without a solvent, in the presence of 2equivalents of silver trifluoroacetate, AgOCOCF₃, per dimer. Thisreaction is illustrated in Equation (3) in FIG. 5. Complexes of FormulaII are formed by adding the sodium salt of the Z ligand to the bridgedchloride dimer. This reaction is illustrated in Equation (4) in FIG. 5.

Examples of metal complexes of the invention are given in Table 1 below.At each occurrence, α and δ are zero. TABLE 1 Complex Ligand R ComplexFormula Formula A substituents Z 1-a I III S R⁵ = CF₃ — 1-b I V S none —1-c I IX — R⁹ = t-butyl — 1-d I IX — R⁸ = OCH₃ — 1-e I IX — R⁸ = OH —1-f I VIII — R⁹ = t-butyl — 1-g II III N—CH₃ R⁵ = CF₃ acac 1-h II V Snone acac 1-i II IX — none acac 1-j II IX — R⁹ = t-butyl acac 1-k II IX— R⁸ = OCH₃ acac 1-l II VIII — R⁹ = t-butyl acac 1-m II IX — R⁷ = R⁸ =R⁹ = acac R¹⁰ = D

The complexes in Table 1 have electroluminescent emission maxima fromabout 570 nm, for compound 1-a, to about 670 nm, for compound 1-k.

Electronic Device

The present invention also relates to an electronic device comprising atleast one photoactive layer positioned between two electrical contactlayers, wherein the at least one photoactive layer of the deviceincludes the complex of the invention. As shown in FIG. 6, a typicaldevice 100 has an anode layer 110 and a cathode layer 150 and layers120, 130 and optionally 140 between the anode 110 and cathode 150.Layers 120, 130, and 140 are collectively referred to as the activelayers. Adjacent to the anode is a hole injection/transport layer 120.Adjacent to the cathode is an optional layer 140 comprising an electrontransport material. Between the hole injection/transport layer 120 andthe cathode (or optional electron transport layer) is the photoactivelayer 130. Layers 120, 130, and 140 are individually and collectivelyreferred to as the active layers.

Depending upon the application of the device 100, the photoactive layer130 can be a light-emitting layer that is activated by an appliedvoltage (such as in a light-emitting diode or light-emittingelectrochemical cell), a layer of material that responds to radiantenergy and generates a signal with or without an applied bias voltage(such as in a photodetector). Examples of photodetectors includephotoconductive cells, photoresistors, photoswitches, phototransistors,and phototubes, and photovoltaic cells, as these terms are describe inMarkus, John, Electronics and Nucleonics Dictionary, 470 and 476(McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1966).

The complexes of the invention are particularly useful as thephotoactive material in layer 130, or as electron transport material inlayer 140. When used in layer 130, it has been found that the complexesof the invention do not need to be in a solid matrix diluent in order tobe effective. A layer that is greater than 20% by weight metal complex,based on the total weight of the layer, up to 100% metal complex, can beused as the emitting layer. Additional materials can be present in theemitting layer with the metal complex. For example, a fluorescent dyemay be present to alter the color of emission. A diluent may also beadded. Preferably, the diluent facilitates charge transport in thelayer. The diluent can be a polymeric material, such as poly(N-vinylcarbazole) and polysilane. It can also be a small molecule, such as4,4′-N,N′-dicarbazole biphenyl or tertiary aromatic amines. When adiluent is used, the metal complex is generally present in a smallamount, usually less than 20% by weight, preferably less than 10% byweight, based on the total weight of the layer.

One type of diluent which is useful with the iridium metal complexes ofthe invention, is a conjugated polymer in which the triplet excitedstate of the polymer is at a higher energy level than the tripletexcited state of the iridium complex. Examples of suitable conjugatedpolymers include polyarylenevinylenes, polyfluorenes, polyoxadiazoles,polyanilines, polythiophenes, polypyridines, polyphenylenes, copolymersthereof, and combinations thereof. The conjugated polymer can be acopolymer having non-conjugated portions of, for example, acrylic,methacrylic, or vinyl, monomeric units. Particularly useful arehomopolymers and copolymers of fluorene and substituted fluorenes.

In some cases the metal complexes of the invention may be present inmore than one isomeric form, or mixtures of different complexes may bepresent. It will be understood that in the above discussion of OLEDs,the term “the metal complex” is intended to encompass mixtures ofcomplexes and/or isomers.

The device generally also includes a support (not shown) which can beadjacent to the anode or the cathode. Most frequently, the support isadjacent the anode. The support can be flexible or rigid, organic orinorganic. Generally, glass or flexible organic films are used as asupport. The anode 110 is an electrode that is particularly efficientfor injecting or collecting positive charge carriers. The anode ispreferably made of materials containing a metal, mixed metal, alloy,metal oxide or mixed-metal oxide. Suitable metals include the Group 11metals, the metals in Groups 4, 5, and 6, and the Group 8-10 transitionmetals. If the anode is to be light-transmitting, mixed-metal oxides ofGroups 12, 13 and 14 metals, such as indium-tin-oxide, are generallyused. The anode 110 may also comprise an organic material such aspolyaniline as described in “Flexible light-emitting diodes made fromsoluble conducting polymers,” Nature vol. 357, pp 477-479 (11 Jun.1992).

The anode layer 110 is usually applied by a physical vapor depositionprocess or spin-cast process. The term “physical vapor deposition”refers to various deposition approaches carried out in vacuo. Thus, forexample, physical vapor deposition includes all forms of sputtering,including ion beam sputtering, as well as all forms of vapor depositionsuch as e-beam evaporation and resistance evaporation. A specific formof physical vapor deposition which is useful is rf magnetron sputtering.

There is generally a hole transport layer 120 adjacent the anode.Examples of hole transport materials for layer 120 have been summarizedfor example, in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, FourthEdition, Vol. 18, p. 837-860, 1996, by Y. Wang. Both hole transportingmolecules and polymers can be used. Commonly used hole transportingmolecules, in addition to TPD and MPMP mentioned above, are:1,1-bis[(di-4-tolylamino)phenyl]cyclohexane (TAPC);N,N′-bis(4-methylphenyl)-N,N′-bis(4-ethylphenyl)-[1,1′-(3,3′-dimethyl)biphenyl]-4,4′-diamine(ETPD); tetrakis-(3-methylphenyl)-N,N,N′,N′-2,5-phenylenediamine (PDA);a-phenyl-4-N,N-diphenylaminostyrene (TPS); p-(diethylamino)benzaldehydediphenylhydrazone (DEH); triphenylamine (TPA);1-phenyl-3-[p-(diethylamino)styryl]-5-[p-(diethylamino)phenyl]pyrazoline(PPR or DEASP); 1,2-trans-bis(9H-carbazol-9-yl)cyclobutane (DCZB);N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(4-methylphenyl)-(1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diamine (TTB);and porphyrinic compounds, such as copper phthalocyanine. Commonly usedhole transporting polymers are polyvinylcarbazole,(phenylmethyl)polysilane; poly(3,4-ethylendioxythiophene) (PEDOT); andpolyaniline. It is also possible to obtain hole transporting polymers bydoping hole transporting molecules such as those mentioned above intopolymers such as polystyrene and polycarbonate.

Optional layer 140 can function both to facilitate electron transport,and also serve as a buffer layer or anti-quenching layer to preventquenching reactions at layer interfaces. Preferably, this layer promoteselectron mobility and reduces quenching reactions. Examples of electrontransport materials for optional layer 140 include metal chelatedoxinoid compounds, such as tris(8-hydroxyquinolato)aluminum (Alq₃);phenanthroline-based compounds, such as2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (DDPA) or4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (DPA), and azole compounds such as2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-t-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (PBD) and3-(4-biphenylyl)-4-phenyl-5-(4-t-butylphenyl)-1,2,4-triazole (TAZ).

The cathode 150 is an electrode that is particularly efficient forinjecting or collecting electrons or negative charge carriers. Thecathode can be any metal or nonmetal having a lower work function thanthe first electrical contact layer (in this case, an anode). Materialsfor the second electrical contact layer can be selected from alkalimetals of Group 1 (e.g., Li, Cs), the Group 2 (alkaline earth) metals,the Group 12 metals, the lanthanides, and the actinides. Materials suchas aluminum, indium, calcium, barium, samarium and magnesium, as well ascombinations, can be used.

It is known to have other layers in organic electronic devices. Forexample, there can be a layer (not shown) between the conductive polymerlayer 120 and the active layer 130 to facilitate positive chargetransport and/or band-gap matching of the layers, or to function as aprotective layer. Similarly, there can be additional layers (not shown)between the active layer 130 and the cathode layer 150 to facilitatenegative charge transport and/or band-gap matching between the layers,or to function as a protective layer. Layers that are known in the artcan be used. In addition, any of the above-described layers can be madeof two or more layers. Alternatively, some or all of inorganic anodelayer 110, the conductive polymer layer 120, the active layer 130, andcathode layer 150, may be surface treated to increase charge carriertransport efficiency. The choice of materials for each of the componentlayers is preferably determined by balancing the goals of providing adevice with high device efficiency.

It is understood that each functional layer may be made up of more thanone layer.

The device can be prepared by sequentially vapor depositing theindividual layers on a suitable substrate. Substrates such as glass andpolymeric films can be used. Conventional vapor deposition techniquescan be used, such as thermal evaporation, chemical vapor deposition, andthe like. Alternatively, the organic layers can be coated from solutionsor dispersions in suitable solvents, using any conventional coatingtechnique. In general, the different layers will have the followingrange of thicknesses: anode 110, 500-5000 Å, preferably 1000-2000 Å;hole transport layer 120, 50-2500 Å, preferably 200-2000 Å;light-emitting layer 130, 10-1000 Å, preferably 100-800 Å; optionalelectron transport layer 140, 50-1000 Å, preferably 100-800 Å; cathode150, 200-10,000 Å, preferably 300-5000 Å. The location of theelectron-hole recombination zone in the device, and thus the emissionspectrum of the device, is affected by the relative thickness of eachlayer. For examples, when an emitter, such as Alq₃ is used as theelectron transport layer, the electron-hole recombination zone can be inthe Alq₃ layer. The emission would then be that of Alq₃, and not thedesired sharp lanthanide emission. Thus the thickness of theelectron-transport layer must be chosen so that the electron-holerecombination zone is in the light-emitting layer. The desired ratio oflayer thicknesses will depend on the exact nature of the materials used.

It is understood that the efficiency of the devices of the inventionmade with metal complexes, can be further improved by optimizing theother layers in the device. For example, more efficient cathodes such asCa, Ba, Mg/Ag, or LiF/Al can be used. Shaped substrates and novel holetransport materials that result in a reduction in operating voltage orincrease quantum efficiency are also applicable. Additional layers canalso be added to tailor the energy levels of the various layers andfacilitate electroluminescence.

The iridium complexes of the invention often are phosphorescent andphotoluminescent and may be useful in other applications. For example,organometallic complexes of iridium have been used as oxygen sensitiveindicators, as phosphorescent indicators in bioassays, and as catalysts.The bis cyclometallated complexes can be used to sythesize triscyclometalated complexes where the third ligand is the same ordifferent.

EXAMPLES

The following examples illustrate certain features and advantages of thepresent invention. They are intended to be illustrative of theinvention, but not limiting. All percentages are mole percents, unlessotherwise indicated.

Examples 1

This example illustrates the preparation of a ligand parent compound(HL), 2-(2-thienyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine.

2-thienylboronic acid (Lancaster Synthesis, Inc., 1.00 g, 7.81 mmmol),2-chloro-5-trifluoromethylpyrdine (Aldrich Chemical Co., 1.417 g, 7.81mmol), tetrakistriphenylphosphine palladium(0) (Aldrich, 451 mg, 0.391mmol), potassium carbonate (EM Science, 3.24 g, 23.4 mmol), water (20mL), and dimethoxyethane (Aldrich, 20 mL) were allowed to stir at refluxfor 20 hours under N₂, after which time the mixture was cooled to roomtemperature and the organic and aqueous layers were separated. Theaqueous layer was extracted with 3×50 mL of diethyl ether, and thecombined organic fractions were dried with sodium sulfate, filtered, andthe filtrate was evaporated to dryness. The crude product was purifiedby silica gel flash chromatography with CH₂Cl₂/hexanes (1:1) as theeluent (product Rf=0.5), to afford the product as a white crystallinesolid (yield=5.2 g, 73% isolated yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 296 K, 300 MHz):δ=7.73-7.57 (2H, m), 7.55 (1H, d, J=8.5 Hz), 7.34 (1H, d, J=4.8 Hz),6.88 (1H d, J=4.8 Hz) ppm. ¹⁹F NMR (CDCl₃, 296K, 282 MHz) δ=−62.78 ppm.

Example 2

This example illustrates the preparation of the intermediate dichlorobridged dimer, [IrCl{2-(2-thienyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine}2]2.

2-(2-thienyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine from Example 1 (555 mg, 2.42mmol), iridium trichloride (Strem Chemicals, 401 mg, 1.13 mmol),2-ethoxyethanol (Aldrich Chemical Co., 10 mL) and water (1 mL) wereallowed to reflux under nitrogen for 15 hours, after which time thereaction was allowed to cool to room temperature. The resultingprecipitated product was collected by filtration, washed with hexanes,and dried in vacuo, to afford 575 mg (37%) of the product as ared-orange solid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 296 K, 300 MHz): δ=9.30 (4H, d, J=1.5Hz), 7.80 (4H, dd, J=2.0 Hz and 8.5 Hz), 7.59 (4H, d, J=8.5 Hz), 7.21(8H, d, J=4.8 Hz), 5.81 (d, 4H, J=4.9 Hz). ¹⁹F NMR (CDCl₃, 296K, 282MHz) δ=−62.07 ppm.

Example 3

This example illustrates the preparation of a tris-cyclometallatediridium complex, [Ir{2-(2-thienyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine}₃],compound 1-a from Table 1.

[IrCl{2-(2-thienyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine}₂]₂ from Example 2 (100mg, 0.073 mmol), 2-(2-thienyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine from Example1 (201 mg, 0.88 mmol), and silver trifluoroacetate (Aldrich, 40 mg, 0.18mmol) were combined and allowed to stir at 170-180° C. under nitrogenfor 10 min. Then the mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature andit was redissolved in a minimum amount dichloromethane. The solution waspassed through a silica gel column with dichloromethane/hexanes (1:1) asthe eluting solvent. The first red-orange fraction to come down thecolumn (product Rf=0.5) was collected and evaporated to dryness. Theresidue was suspended in hexanes, and the precipitated product wasfiltered and washed with excess hexanes to remove any residual2-(2-thienyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine, to afford the product as ared-orange solid. Isolated yield ≈50 mg (39%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 296 K, 300MHz): δ=7.73-7.57 (6H, m), 7.55 (3H, d, J=8.5 Hz), 7.34 (3H, d, J=4.8Hz), 6.88 (3H, d, J=4.8 Hz). ¹⁹F NMR (CDCl₃, 296K, 282 MHz) δ=−62.78.

Compounds 1-b through 1-f in Table 1 were made using a similarprocedure.

Example 4

This example illustrates the preparation of the ligand parent compound,1-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-isoquinoline.

4-tert-butylphenylboronic acid (Aldrich Chemical Co., 5.00 g, 30.56mmmol), 1-chloroisoquinoline (Aldrich Chemical Co., 5.44 g, 30.56 mmol),tetrakistriphenylphosphine palladium(0) (Aldrich, 800 mg, 0.69 mmol),potassium carbonate (EM Science, 12.5 g, 23.4 mmol), water (50 mL), anddimethoxyethane (Aldrich, 75 mL) were allowed to stir at reflux for 20 hunder N₂, after which time the mixture was cooled to room temperatureand the organic and aqueous layers were separated. The aqueous layer wasextracted with 3×75 mL of diethyl ether, and the combined organicfractions were dried with sodium sulfate, filtered, and the filtrate wasevaporated to dryness. The crude material was chromatographed on asilica gel column, first by eluting the catalyst byproduct with 4:1hexanes/dichloromethane, and finally the product was eluted withdichloromethane/MeOH (9.5:0.5, product R_(f)=0.7). The pure productfractions were collected and dried in vacuo, to afford 4.5 g (56%isolated yield) of a light yellow solid, >95% pure NMR spectroscopy. ¹HNMR (CDCl₃, 296 K, 300 MHz): δ=8.58 (1H, d, J=5.70 Hz), 8.15 (1H, d,J=8.5 Hz), 7.83 (1H, d, J=8.5 Hz), 7.5-7.7 (7H, m), 1.38 (9H, s) ppm.

Example 5

This example illustrates the preparation of the dichloro bridged dimer,IrCl{1-(4-t-Bu-phenyl)-isoquinoline}₂]₂.

1-(4-t-Bu-phenyl)-isoquinoline from Example 4 (1.00 g, 3.82 mmol),IrCl₃(H₂O)₃ (Strem Chemicals, 633 mg, 1.79 mmol), and 2-ethoxyethanol(Aldrich Chemical Co., 40 mL) were allowed to stir at reflux for 15 h,after which time the mixture was poured into an equal volume of water.The resulting orange precipitate was isolated by filtration, washed withwater, and allowed to dry in vacuo. Then the solid was re-dissolved indichloromethane and passed through a silica gel pad. The red eluteddichloromethane solution was evaporated to dryness, and the resultingsolid was suspended in hexanes. The solid was isolated by filtration toafford 650 mg (49%) of a red-orange solid, >95% pure by NMRspectroscopy.¹H NMR (CD₂Cl₂, 296 K, 300 MHz): δ=9.37 (4H, d, J=6.5 Hz),8.95 (4H, d, J=8.2 Hz), 8.07 (4H, d, J=8.5 Hz), 7.90 (4H, dd, J=1.4 and8.2 Hz), 7.7-7.9 (8H, m), 6.94 (4H, dd, J=2.0 and 8.4 Hz), 6.86 (4H, d,J=6.4 Hz), 5.92 (4 H, d, J=2.0 Hz), 0.81 (36H, s) ppm.

Example 6

This example illustrates the preparation of a bis cyclometallatediridium complex, [Ir(acac){1-(4-t-Bu-phenyl)-isoquinoline}₂], compound1-j, from Table 1.

[IrCl{1-(4-t-Bu-phenyl)-isoquinoline}₂]₂ from Example 5 (200 mg, 0.135mmol), sodium acetylacetonate (Aldrich, 80 mg, 0.656 mmol), and2-ethoxyethanol (Aldrich, 5 mL) were allowed to stir at 120° C. for 10min, then the volatile components were removed in vacuo. The residue wasredissolved in dichloromethane and passed through a pad of silica gel ona sintered glass funnel with CH₂Cl₂ as the eluting solvent. Thered-luminescent filtrate was evaporated to dryness to afford 190 mg (87%isolated yield) of the desired product, >95% by ¹H NMR. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃,296 K, 300 MHz): δ=8.94 (2H, dd, J=2.1 and 8.2 Hz), 8.49 (2H, d, J=6.4Hz), 8.11 (2H, d, J=8.50 Hz), 7.98 (2H, d, J=3.9 and 9.6 Hz), 7.6-7.8(4H, m), 7.55 (2H, d, J=6.4 Hz), 6.99 (2H, d, J=2.1 and 8.5 Hz), 6.21(2H, d, J=2.0 Hz), 5.35 (1H, s), 1.84 (6H, s), 0.95 (18H, s) ppm.

Compounds 1-g through 1-i and 1-k through1-l in Table 1 were made usinga similar procedure.

Example 7

This example illustrates the preparation of the ligand parent compound,1-(perdeuterophenyl)-isoquinoline.

Perdeutero-benzeneboronic acid, dimethylester: To a solution ofbromobenzene-d5 (Aldrich Chemical Co., 10.0 g, 61.7 mmol) in dry diethylether (50 mL) at −78° C. under nitrogen was added n-BuLi (Aldrich, 1.6 Min hexanes, 38.6 mL) slowly over two minutes. The stirred mixture wasallowed to warm to room temperature for 2 hours, and then it wastransferred to another flask which contained a stirred solution oftrimethylborate (Aldrich, 50 mL, 494 mmol) and dry diethylether (200 mL)at −78° C. under N₂. The resulting mixture was allowed to warm to roomtemperature and stirred for 15 hours, after which time ice-cold 2 M HCl(50 mL) was added to quench the reaction mixture. The organic phase wasseparated, dried with sodium sulfate, filtered, and evaporated todryness, to afford 4.9 g (52% yield) of the desired product as a whitesolid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 296 K, 300 MHz) δ 3.73 (br s) ppm.

1-(perdeuterophenyl)-isoquinoline: 1-Chloroisoquinoline (AldrichChemical Co., 5.00 g, 30.6 mmol), perdeuterobenzeneboronic acid,dimethyl ester from the synthesis above (4.87 g, 31.4 mmol), potassiumcarbonate (EM Science, 8.4 g, 61.2 mmol), tetrakistriphenylphosphinepalladium(0) (Aldrich, 707 mg, 0.611 mmol), dimethoxymethane (Aldrich,100 mL) and water (100 mL) were combined under nitrogen, and the mixturewas allowed to reflux for 15 hours. After this time, the organic layerwas separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with 3×50 mL ofdiethyl ether. The combined organic components were dried with sodiumsulfate, filtered, and evaporated to dryness. The resulting crudeproduct was purified by silica gel chromatography. The phosphinecatalyst was first eluted with 4:1 dichloromethane/hexanes, and then thedesired product was eluted with 100% dichloromethane and thendichloromethane/methanol (95:5, product Rf=0.6). The product fractionswere combined and evaporated to dryness, to afford 4.5 g (70%) of thedesired product as a white solid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 296 K, 300 MHz): δ=8.60(1H, d, J=5.7 Hz), 8.10 (1H, d, J=8.5 Hz), 7.88 (1H, d, J=8.4 Hz), 7.67(2H, m), 7.53 (1H, m) ppm.

Example 8

This example illustrates the preparation of the dichloro bridged dimer,[IrCl{1-(perdeuterophenyl)-isoquinoline}₂]₂.

1-(Perdeuterophenyl)-isoquinoline from Example 7 (3.00 g, 14.3 mmol),IrCl₃(H₂O)₃ (Strem Chemicals, Inc.) 2.42 g, 6.80 mmol), 2-ethoxyethanol(Aldrich Chemical Co., 45 mL), and water (5 mL) were allowed to stir atreflux for 15 hours under nitrogen, after which time the resultingprecipitated product was isolated via filtration. It was then washedwith excess methanol, then diethyl ether, and finally dried in vacuo, toafford the desired product as a red-orange solid. Yield=2.12 g (48%).

Example 9

This example illustrates the preparation of a bis cyclometallatediridium complex, Ir(acac){1-(perdeuterophenyl)-isoquinoline}₂, compound1-m, from Table 1.

[IrCl{1-(perdeuterophenyl)-isoquinoline}₂]₂ from Example 8 (300 mg,0.232 mmol), acetylacetone, sodium salt (Aldrich Chemical Co., 71 mg,0.581 mmol), and 2-ethoxyethanol (Aldrich, 15 mL) were allowed to stirat 120° C. for 45 min, after which time the volatile components wereremoved in vacuo. The resulting residue was taken up in dichloromethaneand passed through a silica gel pad with dichloromethane as the elutingsolvent. The first red fraction (Rf=1.0) was collected and evaporated todryness, to afford the desired product as a red-orange solid. Yield=230(70%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 296 K, 300 MHz) δ=8.99 (1H, m), 8.45 (1H, d, J=6.4Hz), 7.98 (1H, m), 7.75 (2H, m), 7.55 (1H, d, J=6.3 Hz), 5.29 (1H, s),1.79 (6H, s) ppm. Additional signals observed that are due to smallamounts of H/D exchange that occurred in the cyclometallation reaction:8.24 (0.5 H, m), 6.96 (0.20 H, d, J=9.8 Hz).

Example 10

This example illustrates the formation of OLEDs using the iridiumcomplexes of the invention.

Thin film OLED devices including a hole transport layer (HT layer),electroluminescent layer (EL layer) and at least one electron transportlayer (ET layer) were fabricated by the thermal evaporation technique.An Edward Auto 306 evaporator with oil diffusion pump was used. The basevacuum for all of the thin film deposition was in the range of 10⁻⁶torr. The deposition chamber was capable of depositing five differentfilms without the need to break up the vacuum.

An indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrate was used, having an ITOlayer of about 1000-2000 Å. The substrate was first patterned by etchingaway the unwanted ITO area with 1N HCl solution, to form a firstelectrode pattern. Polyimide tape was used as the mask. The patternedITO substrates were then cleaned ultrasonically in aqueous detergentsolution. The substrates were then rinsed with distilled water, followedby isopropanol, and then degreased in toluene vapor for ˜3 hours.Alternatively, patterned ITO from Thin Film Devices, Inc was used. TheseITO's are based on Corning 1737 glass coated with 1400 Å ITO coating,with sheet resistance of 30 ohms/square and 80% light transmission.

The cleaned, patterned ITO substrate was then loaded into the vacuumchamber and the chamber was pumped down to 10⁻⁶ torr. The substrate wasthen further cleaned using an oxygen plasma for about 5-10 minutes.After cleaning, multiple layers of thin films were then depositedsequentially onto the substrate by thermal evaporation. Finally,patterned metal electrodes of Al were deposited through a mask. Thethickness of the film was measured during deposition using a quartzcrystal monitor (Sycon STC-200). All film thicknesses reported in theExamples are nominal, calculated assuming the density of the materialdeposited to be one. The completed OLED device was then taken out of thevacuum chamber and characterized immediately without encapsulation.

A summary of the device layers and thicknesses are given in Table 2. Inall cases the anode was ITO as discussed above, and the cathode was Alhaving a thickness in the range of 700-760 Å. TABLE 2 HT layer EL layerET layer Cathode Sample Thickness, Å thickness, Å thickness, Åthickness, Å 1 MPMP Compound 1-a DPA Al 504 411 418 737 2 MPMP Compound1-i DPA Al 513 420 412 737 3 MPMP Compound 1-j DPA Al 513 414 400 721 4MPMP Compound 1-k DPA Al 530 407 407 732 5 MPMP Compound 1-l DPA Al 533411 414 727 6 MPMP Compound 1-f DPA Al 563 305 408 725 7 MPMP Compound1-h DPA Al 538 409 418 734 8 MPMP Compound 1-c DPA Al 526 428 402 728 9MPMP Compound 1-m DPA Al 530 404 415 725DPA = 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthrolineET = electron transportEL = electroluminescenceHT = hole transportMPMP = bis[4-(N,N-diethylamino)-2-methylphenyl](4-methylphenyl)methane

The OLED samples were characterized by measuring their (1)current-voltage (I-V) curves, (2) electroluminescence radiance versusvoltage, and (3) electroluminescence spectra versus voltage. Theapparatus used, 200, is shown in FIG. 7. The I-V curves of an OLEDsample, 220, were measured with a Keithley Source-Measurement Unit Model237, 280. The electroluminescence radiance (in the unit of Cd/m²) vs.voltage was measured with a Minolta LS-110 luminescence meter, 210,while the voltage was scanned using the Keithley SMU. Theelectroluminescence spectrum was obtained by collecting light using apair of lenses, 230, through an electronic shutter, 240, dispersedthrough a spectrograph, 250, and then measured with a diode arraydetector, 260. All three measurements were performed at the same timeand controlled by a computer, 270. The efficiency of the device atcertain voltage is determined by dividing the electroluminescenceradiance of the LED by the current density needed to run the device. Theunit is in Cd/A.

The results are given in Table 3 below. TABLE 3 ElectroluminescentProperties of Iridium Compounds Approximate Peak Peak Peak Radiance,efficiency, Wavelengths, Sample Cd/m² Cd/A nm 1 200 Cd/m² 1.5 570 at 25V 2 100 Cd/m² 0.65 620 at 22 V 3 200 1.2 625 at 22 V 4 1 0.04 >670   at21 V 5 400 1.6 605 and 640 at 22 V 6 5 0.3 585 at 20 V 7 7 0.06 620 at23 V 8 2.5 0.3 625 at 23 V 9 350 0.6 625 at 19 V

Example 11

This example illustrates the formation of OLED's using a red-emissivematerial of the invention as a dopant in a poly(fluorene) polymermatrix. The resulting blend will be used as the active red-emissivelayer in an OLED. The iridium complex,[Ir(acac){1-(4-t-Bu-phenyl)-isoquinoline}₂], compound 1-j, from Table 1,will be prepared as described in Example 6. The polyfluorene polymerwill be prepared as described in Yamamoto, Progress in Polymer Science,Vol. 17, p 1153 (1992), where the dihalo, preferably dibromo,derivatives of the monomeric units are reacted with a stoichiometricamount of a zerovalent nickel compound, such asbis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)nickel(0).

The organic film components in this OLED example will all be solutionprocessed. Device assembly will be as follows: ITO/glass substrate(Applied Films) will be patterned (device active area=entire 3 cm²) andcleaned as described in Example 10. The substrate will then be furthercleaned by placing in a 300 W plasma oven for 15 min. Apoly(ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesufonic acid) (PEDOT-PSSA,Bayer Corp.) buffer layer (i.e. hole transport/injection layer) willthen be spin-coated to a thickness of 90 nm. The film will be dried on ahotplate at 200° C. for 3 min. The substrate will be then transferred toa nitrogen-filled glovebox, at which point a solution of poly(fluorene)polymer, [Ir(acac){1-(4-t-Bu-phenyl)-isoquinoline}₂] (1.6 μmol), andanhydrous toluene (7.5 mL) will be spin coated on the substrate to athickness of 70 nm. The substrate will be then transferred to a highvacuum chamber, where Ba (3.5 nm) followed by Al (400 nm) will bethermally deposited at 2.0×10⁻⁶ torr. The resulting OLED device willthen be sealed from air by gluing a glass slide on top of the cathodewith the use of a UV-curable epoxy resin.

The device will be fully characterized by acquiring current-voltage,luminance-voltage, luminance-current, efficiency-voltage, andefficiency-current profiles. This will be accomplished with the use of acomputer-driven (Labview software) Keithley Source-Measurement Unit anda photodiode, the latter which integrated light output over the entire 3cm² device active area.

1. An organic electronic device comprising an active layer comprising alight-emitting layer having an emission maximum in the range of 570 to700 nm, wherein the active layer comprises at least one compound havinga formula according to Formula I:IrL₃   (I) where: L is selected from Formula III, Formula IV, Formula V,Formula VI, and Formula VII in FIG. 1, and Formula VIII, Formula IX andFormula X in FIG. 2, where: in Formula III: R³ through R⁶ are the sameor different and at least one of R³ through R⁶ is selected from D, F,C_(n)F_(2n+1), OC_(n)F_(2n+1), and OCF₂Y; at each occurrence in any ofFormulae III through VII: R¹ is the same or different at each occurrenceand is selected from D, C_(n)H_(2n+1), OR¹¹, SR¹¹, N(R¹¹)₂, F,C_(n)(H+F)_(2n+1), OC_(n)(H+F)_(2n+1), and OCF₂Y, or adjacent pairs ofR¹ can be joined to form a five- or six-membered ring; Y is H, Cl, orBr; and A is S or NR¹¹; at each occurrence in any of Formulae IIIthrough X: R¹¹ is the same or different at each occurrence and is H orC_(n)H_(2n+1); n is an integer from 1 through 12; and α is 0, 1 or 2; ateach occurrence in any of Formulae IV through X: δ is 0 or an integerfrom 1 through 4; in Formula VII: E¹ through E⁴ are the same ordifferent and are N or CR¹², with the proviso that at least one E is N;and R¹² is the same or different at each occurrence and is selected fromH, D, SR¹¹, N(R¹¹)₂, F, C_(n)(H+F)_(2n+1), OC_(n)(H+F)_(2n+1), andOCF₂Y, or adjacent pairs of R¹² can be joined to form a five- orsix-membered ring, with the proviso that at least one of R¹² is selectedfrom D, F, C_(n)(H+F)_(2n+1), OC_(n)(H+F)_(2n+1), and OCF₂Y; at eachoccurrence in any of Formulae VIII through X: R² and R⁷ through R¹⁰ arethe same or different at each occurrence and are selected from H, D,C_(n)H_(2n+1), OR¹¹, SR¹¹, and N(R¹¹)₂, or adjacent pairs of R groupscan be joined to form a five- or six-membered ring provided that, wherethe active layer contains less than 20% by weight of the at least onecompound, a diluent is also present.
 2. The device of claim 1 wherein R⁵is CF₃.
 3. The device of claim 1 wherein R⁸ is selected from OCH₃ andOH.
 4. The device of claim 1 wherein R⁹ is t-butyl.
 5. The device ofclaim 1 wherein the diluent is selected from poly(N-vinyl carbazole);polysilane; 4,4′-N,N′-dicarbazole biphenyl; and tertiary aromaticamines.
 6. The device of claim 1, further comprising a hole transportlayer selected fromN,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-diamine;1,1-bis[(di-4-tolylamino) phenyl]cyclohexane;N,N′-bis(4-methylphenyl)-N,N′-bis(4-ethylphenyl)-[1,1′-(3,3′-dimethyl)biphenyl]-4,4′-diamine;tetrakis-(3-methylphenyl)-N,N,N′,N′-2,5-phenylenediamine;α-phenyl-4-N,N-diphenylaminostyrene; p-(diethylamino)benzaldehydediphenylhydrazone; triphenylamine;bis[4-(N,N-diethylamino)-2-methylphenyl](4-methylphenyl)methane;1-phenyl-3-[p-(diethylamino)styryl]-5-[p-(diethylamino)phenyl]pyrazoline;1,2-trans-bis(9H-carbazol-9-yl)cyclobutane;N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(4-methylphenyl)-(1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diamine;porphyrinic compounds; and combinations thereof.
 7. The device of claim1, further comprising an electron transport layer selected fromtris(8-hydroxyquinolato)aluminum;2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline;4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline;2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-t-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole;3-(4-biphenylyl)-4-phenyl-5-(4-t-butylphenyl)-1,2,4-triazole; andcombinations thereof.
 8. A compound selected from complex 1-a through1-f, as shown in Table
 1. 9. An organic electronic device comprising anactive layer that comprises a compound selected from complex 1-a through1-f, as shown in Table
 1. 10. The device of claim 9 wherein the activelayer further comprises a diluent.
 11. The device of claim 10 whereinthe diluent is selected from poly(N-vinyl carbazole); polysilane;4,4′-N,N′-dicarbazole biphenyl; and tertiary aromatic amines.
 12. Thedevice of claim 1 wherein the diluent is a conjugated polymer selectedfrom polyarylenevinylenes, polyfluorenes, polyoxadiazoles, polyanilines,polythiophenes, polypyridines, polyphenylenes, copolymers thereof, andcombinations thereof.
 13. The device of claim 12 wherein the diluent isa conjugated polymer selected from polyarylenevinylenes, polyfluorenes,polyoxadiazoles, polyanilines, polythiophenes, polypyridines,polyphenylenes, copolymers thereof, and combinations thereof.
 14. Anactive layer comprising at least one compound having a formula accordingto Formula I:IrL₃   (I) where: L is selected from Formula III, Formula IV, Formula V,Formula VI, and Formula VII in FIG. 1, and Formula VIII, Formula IX andFormula X in FIG. 2, where: in Formula III: R³ through R⁶ are the sameor different and at least one of R³ through R⁶ is selected from D, F,C_(n)F_(2n+1), OC_(n)F_(2n+1), and OCF₂Y; at each occurrence in any ofFormulae III through VII: R¹ is the same or different at each occurrenceand is selected from D, C_(n)H_(2n+1), OR¹¹, SR¹¹, N(R¹¹)₂, F,C_(n)(H+F)_(2n+1), OC_(n)(H+F)_(2n+1), and OCF₂Y, or adjacent pairs ofR¹ can be joined to form a five- or six-membered ring; Y is H, Cl, orBr; and A is S or NR¹¹; at each occurrence in any of Formulae IIIthrough X: R¹¹ is the same or different at each occurrence and is H orC_(n)H_(2n+1); n is an integer from 1 through 12; and α is 0, 1 or 2; ateach occurrence in any of Formulae IV through X: δ is 0 or an integerfrom 1 through 4; in Formula VII: E¹ through E⁴ are the same ordifferent and are N or CR¹², with the proviso that at least one E is N;and R¹² is the same or different at each occurrence and is selected fromH, D, SR¹¹, N(R¹¹)₂, F, C_(n)(H+F)_(2n+1), OC_(n)(H+F)_(2n+1), andOCF₂Y, or adjacent pairs of R¹² can be joined to form a five- orsix-membered ring, with the proviso that at least one of R¹² is selectedfrom D, F, C_(n)(H+F)_(2n+1), OC_(n)(H+F)_(2n+1), and OCF₂Y; at eachoccurrence in any of Formulae VIII through X: R² and R⁷ through R¹⁰ arethe same or different at each occurrence and are selected from H, D,C_(n)H_(2n+1), OR¹¹, SR¹¹, and N(R¹¹)₂, or adjacent pairs of R groupscan be joined to form a five- or six-membered ring provided that, wherethe active layer contains less than 20% by weight of the at least onecompound, a diluent is also present.